Çatalhöyük in Turkey, arguably the world's first city occupied between 7400-6000 BCE (PrePottery Neolithic period B (PPNB)), did not have an open space within its tightly cramped apartment block: researchers have suggested that its rooftops acted as a plaza. Other, slightly later PPNB communities such as Çayönü do contain the first evidence of deliberately constructed open spaces.
Plazas versus Patios
Open spaces range in size from tiny to enormous, and archaeologists have discovered that at least in this case, size does matter: although plazas serve similar functions, they vary in the percentage of people in the community that could attend those functions, and so different sizes have slightly different meanings to the community.Patios (also called courtyards) are areas set aside for household activities, for the use of a private residence or a family compound. They are marked by buildings and features associated with domestic uses. Patios are intimate settings for small groups that provide marked space for craft production or family meals.
Plazas (called forums, squares, market places, or even quadrangles on college campuses) are typically the focus of community-wide religious and political rituals, and they tend to be larger and more socially inclusive than patios. Plazas are often used for a wide spectrum of both secular and sacred activities, some of which were and are critical to the organization and operation of the larger community.
The main plaza of Mexico's capital city is called a "zocalo," a Spanish word ultimately derived from the Latin socles, meaning "plinth," a pedestal. In 1843 the Mexican government began construction on a monument to Mexico's independence from Spain. Only the plinth was ever built, and eventually, the whole square became called that. The zocalo in Mexico City was originally built in the 15th century by the Aztecs for their capital Tenochtitlan, a pattern in evidence in central plazas in numerous ancient cities. The European conquistadors of Tenochtitlan did their best to remove all the Aztec temples, but they kept the main plaza where people congregated. This image is a detail of the 16th century Uppsala Map, likely drawn by indigenous students at the Colegio de Santa Cruz, the first and oldest European institution of higher learning in the Americas.
The Architecture of Public Spaces
The boundaries of open spaces are marked by the arrangement of buildings or earthworks surrounding them, and sometimes a series of stone lines along the edges defines a space, sometimes low walls serve that purpose. Some plazas are built next to temples, which Inomata argues allows the assembly of an audience for staged ceremonial performances at the temple.
Most plazas appear to be devoid of structures, although some do include posts, pit features, and buildings, which may represent temporary buildings such as market stalls. The permanent structures may also have served as part of the shared activities of the community, e.g., public shops rather than private homes.
However, sometimes spaces identified by size as civic-ceremonial plazas were actually large residential patios for elites. Sometimes open spaces in settlements are subject to multiple uses over time as power balances among ruling families shifted between generations. In most cases, plazas were kept swept clean of debris, to keep them open and safely available to large amounts of people. So how do archaeologists know what went on in a place that was kept clean or changed purposes over time?
Identifying Public Spaces Archaeologically
Since the late 20th century, archaeologists have used soil chemistry to identify activities within plazas. High concentrations of soil phosphorous (indicating the presence of organic material) have been used to identify middens; plazas typically have comparatively low-phosphorous levels. However, higher levels have been identified in patches within plaza spaces, and these may represent areas where food preparation and consumption at feasts occurred.For example, geochemist Kara Fulton and colleagues used soil properties (the presence of organic matter, pH levels, and chemical concentrations) in combination with artifact assemblages in an attempt to identify domestic versus public spaces. They found that both large and small plazas at the Maya center of Palmarejo in Honduras appeared to have multiple uses, including feasting and incense burning; but the largest plazas had discrete activity areas where those things took place.
Many ancient plazas continue to be used in the modern-day, sometimes covered by concrete, and not available for excavation; investigations in these places are often assisted with remote sensing techniques.
Recent Research on Plazas
As you might imagine, there have been many, many investigations into plazas all over the world. although they are rarely the sole focus of an investigation. Here's a sample of some recent studies.
- A study of plaza acoustics was undertaken by archaeologists Matthew Helmer and David Chicoine at the main plaza in Caylán, an Early Horizon center in Peru (9th-5th centuries BCE). They found several dozen fragments of panpipes within the plaza, a musical instrument common to Andean societies for thousands of years. They also found that the plaza and its adjacent architecture created an amphitheater-like environment, with specific features minimizing ambient noise and amplifying sound within the plaza area.
- Archaeologist Takeshi Inomata (2006) investigated plazas at several Maya sites in Mesoamerica, concluding that the largest of the Maya plazas were large enough to hold the majority of the members in the community on ceremonial occasions. Inomata argued that theatrical events held in these places kept the community together, while at the same time, smaller, private plazas were kept for exclusive performances, reserved for elites.
- Archaeologist Tristram Kidder (2004) looked at the changes in the plaza at the Raffman site, a mound center in the Lower Mississippi Valley of Louisiana in the United States, occupied between ~500 BCE-500 CE. He identified multiple configuration changes of the plaza and adjacent buildings over time and suggested that reflects changes in the role of the plaza over time. Kidder argued that as elite households became established and more private, the plazas became more important to the greater society.
- Geoscientist Nicola Masini and colleagues performed geophysical prospection (ground penetrating radar) at Cusco, imaging the complex stratigraphy at the Plaza de Armas, the main square of the Inca empire. They discovered below-ground disturbances which they identified walls, pipelines and manholes. They interpret the findings as remainders for three layers of use of the Plaza from pre-Inca, Inca, and colonial periods.
- Archaeologist Immacolata Valese conducted thesis investigations at the West Plaza of the Mississippian capital city of Cahokia. Using geophysical methods, she identified several previously unknown Emergent Mississippian house basins and pit features within the plaza limits.
- Plazas as Maya capitals such as Tikal were used to collect and direct rainwater destined for permanent cisterns, according to multiple research projects at those capitals. One such study was recently published by archaeologist Kenneth Barnett Tankersley and William Rex Weeks.
Selected Sources
- Ball, Joseph W. and Jennifer T. Taschek. "Aftermath A.D. 696—Late 7th and Early 8th Century Special Deposits and Elite Main Plaza Burials at Buenavista Del Cayo, Western Belize: A Study in Classic Maya “Historical Archaeology”." Journal of Field Archaeology, vol. 43, no. 6, 2018, pp. 472-491, doi:10.1080/00934690.2018.1513255.
- dos Santos Salvat, Ana Paula. "Tenochtitlan and Mexico City: Aspects of the Display of the Two Cities from Zocalo." Global Baroque: transcultural and transhistorical approaches to Latin America, Department of Art History, the Universidade Federal of Sao Paolo, 2014.
- Fulton, Kara A. et al. "Ritual or Residential? An Integrated Approach to Geochemical Prospection for Understanding the Use of Plaza Spaces at Palmarejo, Honduras." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, vol. December 2013, 2013, pp. 1-18, doi:10.1007/s12520-013-0170-3.
- Helmer, Matthew and David Chicoine. "Soundscapes and Community Organisation in Ancient Peru: Plaza Architecture at the Early Horizon Centre of Caylán." Antiquity, vol. 87, no. 335, 2013, pp. 92-107, doi:10.1017/s0003598x0004864x.
- Inomata, Takeshi. "Plazas, Performers, and Spectators Political Theaters of the Classic Maya." Current Anthropology, vol. 47, no. 5, 2006, pp. 805-842.
- Inomata, Takeshi et al. "Early Ceremonial Constructions at Ceibal, Guatemala, and the Origins of Lowland Maya Civilization." Science, vol. 340, no. 6131, 2013, pp. 467-471, doi:10.1126/science.1234493.
- Kidder, Tristram R. "Plazas as Architecture: An Example from the Raffman Site, Northeast Louisiana." American Antiquity, vol. 69, no. 3, 2004, pp. 514-532, doi:10.2307/4128404.
- Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. "La Plaza Mayor O Zócalo En Tiempos De Tenochtitlan." Arqueología Mexicana, vol. 19, no. 116, 2012, pp. 24-27, https://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/la-plaza-mayor-o-zocalo-en-tiempos-de-tenochtitan.
- Moore, Jerry D. "The Archaeology of Plazas and the Proxemics of Ritual." American Anthropologist, vol. 98, no. 4, 1996, pp. 789-802, doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.4.02a00090.
- Roos, Christopher I. and Kevin C. Nolan. "Phosphates, Plowzones, and Plazas: A Minimally Invasive Approach to Settlement Structure of Plowed Village Sites." Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 39, no. 1, 2012, pp. 23-32, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.06.033.
- Tankersley, Kenneth Barnett and William Rex Weeks. "Red Bird and Sequoyah: A Reply to Simek Et Al. American Antiquity, vol. 85, no. 2, 2020, pp. 383-387, Cambridge Core, doi:10.1017/aaq.2020.4.
- Valese, Immacolata. "The Archaeology of Cahokia's West Plaza. Excavations in the Merrell Tract." vol. Ph.D., Università di Bologna, 2017, doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/8228.
- Wells, E. Christian et al. "Quantitative Modeling of Soil Chemical Data from Inductively Coupled Plasma? Optical Emission Spectroscopy Reveals Evidence for Cooking and Eating in Ancient Mesoamerican Plazas. Archaeological Chemistry, vol. 968, American Chemical Society, 2007, pp. 210-230. ACS Symposium Series, do:10.1021/bk-2007-0968.ch011.
This article was originally published on About.com about July 2014, as
https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-plazas-patios-169515
and was deprecated from ThoughtCo in 2017. Like other articles recovered from About.com and ThoughtCo, this article has been updated and added here on WasteFlake.